Detector string
Geophones, based on the piezoelectric effect or electromagnetic induction, convert ground vibrations (such as seismic waves, mechanical impacts) into electrical signals, which are then transmitted via cable to the acquisition instrument.
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Working principle
Geophones are based on the piezoelectric effect or electromagnetic induction. They convert ground vibrations (such as seismic waves and mechanical impacts) into electrical signals, which are transmitted to the acquisition instrument via cables.
Single geophone: Consists of a mass block, spring, damper, and transducer (such as piezoelectric crystal or electromagnetic coil). When vibrating, the mass block moves relative to the housing, and the transducer generates an electrical signal.
Series combination: Multiple geophones are connected in series or parallel to enhance effective signals (in-phase axial vibrations) through spatial superposition and suppress random noise (such as environmental interference and electromagnetic noise).
Core function
Improve signal-to-noise ratio: By combining multiple geophones, incoherent noise (such as wind and human activities) is weakened, while coherent signals (such as reflected waves from the target geological layer) are retained.
Suppress interference waves: Using the relationship between the geophone spacing and the apparent wavelength, regular interference such as surface waves and sound waves is suppressed (e.g., by calculating the delay time through "linear combination" to make the interference waves cancel out).
Adapt to complex ground surfaces: Distributed geophone arrays can cover a larger area, adapting to terrain undulations or obstacle distributions, and improving the spatial resolution of data acquisition.
Application areas
Oil and gas seismic exploration:
Field land exploration: Using electromagnetic geophone arrays (such as 40Hz low-frequency geophones), with a spacing of 30~50m, for the acquisition of reflected waves from deep formations (>1000m).
Marine exploration: Piezoelectric geophone arrays (with built-in floats) are towed behind the ship, with a spacing of 10~20m, to receive underwater seismic waves.
Engineering geological survey:
Railway and highway subgrade detection: Using high-frequency geophone arrays (above 100Hz), with a spacing of 1~5m, to detect shallow caves and loose layers.
Urban underground pipeline detection: MEMS geophone arrays (spacing <1m), combined with impact sources, to locate pipelines buried at depths <5m.
Mine safety monitoring:
Microseismic monitoring: Distributed geophone arrays (spacing 10~20m) are deployed in tunnels to monitor micro-vibration signals (frequency 10~500Hz) such as rock bursts and roof collapses.
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